Global Lords: I Have Information System Chapter 707 463: Deformed Bone Open Body, Phantom Nightwalke

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Xinfan Technology News Leakage from Beijing ti on August 27, among all astronomical concepts, black holes might be the most peculiar. The density of a black hole is extrely high, even light cannot escape, like a gigantic ominous net. Since ordinary physical laws are not applicable in black holes, they seem tailor-made for science fiction novels. However, abundant direct and indirect evidence suggests that black holes indeed exist in the universe.

Einstein's Prophecy

Black holes are a necessary result of Einstein's General Relativity.

The German astronor Karl Schwarzschild first predicted the existence of black holes in 1916, considering it a necessary result of Einstein's General Relativity. In other words, if Einstein's theory is correct (which all evidence points to), then black holes must exist. The research by Roger Penrose and Stephen Hawking further consolidated the theoretical foundation for the existence of black holes. Their studies showed that any celestial body collapsing into a black hole would form a singularity, and all traditional physics laws would fail at this point.

Gamma-Ray Bursts

Ground-based observational equipnt has detected so gamma-ray bursts produced during black hole formation.

In the 1930s, Indian physicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar conducted research on the fate of the core fuel exhaustion of stars. He discovered that the final result depends on the star's mass. If the star is massive enough, say its mass reaches 20 tis that of the Sun, its dense core (which alone has a mass two to three tis the Sun's) will continue to collapse, eventually forming a black hole. The collapse speed of the stellar core is exceedingly rapid, taking only a few seconds, during which it releases trendous energy in the form of gamma-ray bursts, equivalent to the total energy released by an ordinary star throughout its life. Ground-based telescopes have detected multiple gamma-ray bursts, with so even originating from galaxies billions of light-years away, indicating that we have indeed observed the process of black hole birth.

Gravitational Waves

Pictured is an artist's concept of a gravitational wave. The gravitational interaction between two black holes creates ripples in ti and space, radiating outward as gravitational waves.

Black holes aren't always solitary; sotis they appear in pairs, rotating around each other. The gravitational interaction between two black holes creates ripples in ti and space, radiating outward as gravitational waves, which is another prophecy put forward by Einstein's theory of relativity. With the help of observatories like LIGO and Virgo, we now have the ability to detect gravitational waves. In 2016, scientists announced for the first ti the discovery of gravitational waves generated by the rger of two black holes. Since then, we've detected multiple gravitational wave events. As the sensitivity of detectors continuously improves, scientists have also detected gravitational waves generated by events other than black hole rgers, such as rgers between black holes and neutron stars.

Hidden Companion Star

Pictured is an imagined diagram of the trajectory of celestial bodies in the triple star system HR6819.

Those gamma-ray bursts or gravitational waves capable of producing are energetic events occurring in short tifras, visible perhaps halfway across the cosmos. But considering their intrinsic nature, most black holes remain undetected. Black holes don't emit any light or radiation, so they can quietly lurk in the cosmos, with astronors unaware of their existence. However, there's a way to detect their presence: by using the gravitational effect black holes have on other stars. In 2020, when astronors observed the seemingly ordinary star system HR6819, they noticed that the orbital paths of the two stars had so peculiarities. Unless there's a completely invisible celestial body in that system, this phenonon cannot be explained. Upon calculating its mass, the researchers realized the truth can only be one: this celestial body must be a black hole. It is located just a thousand light-years from Earth, within the Milky Way Galaxy, making it the closest black hole discovered to Earth so far.

X-ray Emissions

The black hole Cygnus X-1 is currently devouring its massive blue companion star.

In 1971, when scientists were studying a stellar system in the Milky Way called Cygnus X-1, they first observed evidence for the existence of a black hole. The system's X-ray emissions were extraordinarily bright, but these emissions don't co from the black hole itself or its visible companion star, but are generated by the accretion disk ford as the black hole siphons material from the star. Like the star system HR6819 ntioned earlier, astronors can also estimate the mass of the hidden celestial object in the Cygnus X-1 system using the orbital path of its visible star. The final calculation result is approximately 21 tis the mass of the Sun, considering that this celestial object occupies a relatively small space, indicating that it can only be a black hole, without considering other possibilities.

Supermassive Black Holes

There's also a supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way Galaxy.

Besides black holes ford from the collapse of stars, evidence shows that there might also be supermassive black holes lurking at the centers of galaxies, with masses reaching millions or even billions of tis that of the Sun, possibly existing since the early universe. In so-called "active galaxies," evidence of these supermassive black holes is spectacular. NASA noted that there are accretion disks surrounding black holes in the centers of these galaxies, releasing extrely intense radiation across all wavelengths. Additionally, there's a black hole at the center of the Milky Way Galaxy, as the rotational speeds of stars in that region are so astonishingly fast, reaching 8% of the speed of light, indicating that they must be orbiting around so extrely massive yet compact celestial object. The current estimated result suggests that the black hole at the center of the Milky Way Galaxy is about 4 million tis the mass of the Sun.